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近二十年英国中世纪经济——社会史研究的新动向(下)

http://www.newdu.com 2018/3/7 《历史研究》(京)2011年5期第167~177页 侯建新 龙… 参加讨论

五、余论
    在专题研究取得重要进展的基础上,近年来也出现了一些总结性的论著,如布瑞特尔的《英国社会的商业化1000-1500年》、《1050-1530年英格兰与爱尔兰的经济与社会》,(69)索菲尔德的《中世纪英格兰的农民与共同体》,(70)斯蒂文·爱普斯坦的《中世纪后期欧洲经济—社会史1000-1500年》,(71)以及戴尔的《转型的时代:中世纪后期英格兰的经济与社会》(72)等。这些论著几乎完全颠覆了中世纪经济史的形象。众所周知,传统的中世纪经济史,关注的主要是耕作史与农业技术,如20世纪50年代策划而在70—80年代出版的多卷本《英格兰与威尔士农业史》(The Agrarian History of England and Wales)即是如此,以致被尖刻地批评为是一部“犁头与耕牛”的历史。(73)而近年来在经济—社会史的视野下,历史研究的主题与内容都得到极大的拓展和丰富。
    《中世纪后期欧洲经济—社会史1000-1500年》体现了西方学者在中世纪经济领域研究的新进展。该书考察了1000年初兴时代至1490年代全球经济第一次浪潮期间欧洲经济—社会史的最为重要的一些议题。这500年经历了经济制度(如资本主义)和社会理论的兴起,它们将会对以后500年的世界产生重大影响。一些熟悉的议题,如人类在一个充满暴力和食物稀缺的世界里如何寻求食物、衣物、居住的历史,得到了展现,但其主题是普通男女的工作与日常生活。该书着眼于整个欧洲,逐一考察了家庭生活、经济与社会思想、战争、技术等重要问题,同时也关注了贸易、行业与农业的发展。14世纪的大饥荒与黑死病构成全书的转折点,以此为基点,该书考察了欧洲不平衡发展的缘由及其对死亡灾难的不同应对。尤其重要的是,该书强调了基督教文化与价值观对社会与经济发展的影响,这是传统的经济史所不具备的内容。
    戴尔《转型的时代》一书的立足点既不是新人口论的经济史,也不同意布伦纳、希尔顿等强调阶级结构和阶级关系的史学,而是20世纪60—70年代发展起来的经济—社会史。它在方法论上吸收了经济史和马克思主义史学的长处,将经济史和社会史结合起来,从更宽广的范围考察社会转型问题,从而彻底颠覆了传统的中世纪观,后者认为中世纪贫困落后,而且将中世纪与现代完全对立起来。戴尔认为所谓社会转型是一个相当漫长的过程,期间伴随广泛的结构性变迁,这种变迁的上限可以追溯到13世纪,并一直持续到整个现代早期(16—18世纪)。当然,中世纪图景也得到了重新描绘,因而被称为“新中世纪观”。戴尔用“转型的时代?”这样的设问句式作为自己著作的标题,表明了一种开放的态度,旨在吸引更多的学者来参加社会转型问题的大讨论。
    近年来的研究不仅改变了中世纪的面相,也使得农民的形象发生了很大的改变。在传统研究的视野下,中世纪的农民被描绘为这样一种形象:他们消极服从,在身体与情感上都束缚于土地,他们的经济以糊口为取向,不与市场发生关系,毫无技术知识,集体孤立地生活于一个封闭的“和谐世界”。到了20世纪80—90年代,这种形象已遭到了诸多批评、修正甚至于颠覆:在经济—社会史的视野下,学者们研究和揭示了农民的土地交易,乡村共同体的分层与内部冲突,重新评估了他们在发展技术和商业经济中的作用,以及他们采取政治行动的可能性。显然,这些研究提醒我们必须要更多地注意乡村社会的复杂性。
    凡此种种,都表明了经济—社会史这一学科赋予历史学的新鲜活力,它对经济与社会互动的强调不仅为许多传统议题提供了全新的视野,也使得历史的解释更富有说服力。这一国际历史学的新方向将为我国的史学研究带来清新的空气,为我国社会主义现代化探索与实践提供一份厚重的学术资源。
    注释:
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    ②Eric Kerridge, "Looking to the Future", in Pat Hudson, ed., Living Economic and Social History, Glasgow: The Economic History Society, 2001, pp. 190-191.
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    (26)英国学者关于中世纪城市化的研究,国内学者已有较为详细的介绍,见徐浩:《中世纪英国城市化水平研究》,《史学理论研究》2006年第4期。
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