环境规制影响了污染密集型商品的比较优势吗？

    内容提要：根据“污染避难所效应”，为了躲避本国严格的环境标准，发达国家的污染工业将到发展中国家选址；或发达国家扩大污染产品进口以替代本国的污染产品生产，这两种情况都是由发达国家污染密集型商品比较优势的变化引起的。自20世纪90年代以来，很多学者都对环境规制是否影响了全球贸易模式给予了特别的关注，但得到的结论并不一致。本文采用了2005年95个国家的总样本和42个国家的子样本，在HOV模型基础上进行了经验分析，结果表明：(1)以CIESIN计算的“环境监管”指标进行估计时，环境规制并没有影响五类污染密集型商品的比较优势；(2)然而，将人均收入作为内生环境规制指标时，虽然内生环境规制并没有影响“非金属矿产品”和“非铁金属产品”的比较优势，但是，内生环境规制却显著地提升了“化工产品”、“钢铁产品”以及“纸和纸浆产品”的比较优势。因此，政府通过降低环境规制水平以获得污染密集型商品比较优势的做法是不可取的，相反，适度地提高环境规制水平却可以获得污染密集型商品的出口竞争优势。
    关键词：环境规制  污染密集型商品  比较优势  贸易模式
    Do Environmental Regulations Influence the competitiveness of Pollution-Intensive products?
    Abstract: According to “Pollution Haven Effect”, in order to evade strictly domestic environmental criterions, polluting industries in developed countries will be transferred to developing countries; alternative way is that developed countries increase imports of polluted products instead of producing their own, both of which is due to the change of comparative advantages. Since 1990s, many scholars pay special attention on whether environmental regulations affect the pattern of global trade, but their conclusions are different. This paper, based on the HOV model and 95 and 42 countries’ data in 2005, focus on empirical analysis which shows that: (1) according to the estimation based on the “environmental governance” index calculated by CIESIN, environmental regulation does not affect the comparative advantages of five types of pollution-intensive goods; (2) On the other hand, when the per capita income is considered as an endogenous indicator of environmental regulation, which will significantly promote the export of chemical products, Iron and steel products and paper products. The appropriate level of regulation can promote a comparative advantage in pollution-intensive goods.
    Keywords: Environmental Regulation; Pollution-intensive Products; Comparative Advantages; Trade patterns
    文章出处：经济研究，2009年第4期