当代中国家庭结构变动分析

    摘要：当代中国家庭结构变动呈现出三种状态:1.相对稳定的家庭类型。三代直系家庭是其代表;城镇三代直系家庭的维系得益于家庭内部管理的松弛,在农村则与独子比例增大有关。2.明显上升的家庭类型。夫妇核心家庭提高幅度显著,实行20余年的独生子女政策是这一家庭类型的主要推动力量;隔代直系家庭增长率最高,它既是中国社会转型阶段的重要现象,又是社会发展具有缺陷的反映;单人家庭也有增长,青年人晚婚和老年人口预期寿命延长、老年丧偶比重提高是主要影响因素。3.以下降为表现形式的家庭类型。缺损核心家庭明显减少,标准核心家庭有所下降。后者的降低主要是夫妇核心家庭上升所致,或谓核心家庭内部不同类型调整的结果。今后一段时期内中国的家庭结构总体上将持续这种状态,一些家庭类型将发生进一步的变动。当代家庭的结构简化和规模缩小使家庭功能及家庭成员关系方式发生改变,将对整个社会产生影响。
    关键词： “五普”长表数据； 家庭结构； 夫妇核心家庭； 三代直系家庭； 隔代直系家庭
    The Changing Family Structure in Contemporary China: An Analysis
    Abstract： Three tendencies may be found in the changing family structure in contemporary China. Firstly, some family types remain relatively stable, as represented by the three-generation linear families. This type has been facilitated by looser intra-family management in urban areas and the greater percentage of families with an only adult son in rural areas. Secondly, some family types are on the rise. The rise of conjugal nuclear families is obvious, a phenomenon which may mainly be attributed to the two decades of the one-child policy. Linear families only consisting of grandparents and grandchildren rank the first in terms of growth rate. As a prominent phenomenon in transitional China, this increase reflects problems in social development. The number of one person families is also increasing, mainly due to the tendency of later marriage among the young and the increased life expectancy and the percentage of surviving spouses among the elderly population. Thirdly, there are family types that show a downwards trend. The fall in impaired nuclear families(with only one parent)is obvious. The fall of standard nuclear families(married couple with their children)is mainly caused by the increase in conjugal nuclear families. In other words, it is mainly a result of changes to nuclear family itself. These three trends in China’s family structure will remain for some time in the future, accompanied by further changes in certain family types. The less complicated structure and the shrinking size of contemporary families lead to changes in family functions and relations among family members, which will in turn affect the entire society.
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    文章出处：中国社会科学,2006年第1期