团队运行的过程中会产生各种冲突,给团队绩效带来不利的影响。Jehn(1995)建议将冲突分为关系冲突和任务冲突,并指出关系冲突一般会降低满意度,干扰任务绩效,但是在非制式化任务中,任务冲突对于任务绩效是有利的。这是因为,在复杂环境中从事非常规活动的团队,其成员间的任务冲突降低了群体思维的可能性,激发了团队成员之间的讨论,促进了对问题和备选方案的关键评估,从而能够带来更佳的团队决策。此外,成功的团队能够使成员为团队的目标和行动方式而承担责任,消除了传统组织结构中的“搭便车”现象,抑制“社会惰化”现象的发生,从而保证团队模式的有效性。
三、思考及建议
事实上,并非所有的企业都适合以团队模式来安排工作。例如,如果一个企业想把团队模式引入工作群体中,而该工作群体中的成员都处于个人主义的企业文化中,那么团队模式的有效性将很难体现出来。这正是福特汽车公司、摩托罗拉等大型企业所面临的问题,因为这些公司是通过雇用并奖励个人来推动公司发展的,且公司的竞争气氛也会鼓励个人成就,因而不利于团队工作模式的应用。这是因为,团队模式更适合在重视集体主义的企业文化氛围中施行。此外,在复杂环境中应用团队模式,还会遭遇来自员工个体的阻力。因为在一个工作团队中,员工的成功与否不再由个人绩效所决定,而是由集体绩效所决定。在这种团队中,要成为一名优秀的团队成员,个体必须与其他成员进行开放而坦诚地沟通,学会面对差异并解决冲突,从而将个人目标升华为团队的利益。因此,在复杂环境中的企业应用团队模式,可以通过选拔、培训和奖励等方式,为团队配备合适的成员,并不断给予各方面的支持,使团队模式发挥出最大效用。
(本文受国家社科基金项目资助(11BGL014)、上海市教委科研创新重点项目资助(10ZS96);上海市(第三期)管理科学与工程重点学科资助(S30504)以及上海理工大学人文社科基金资助(11XSZ05)资助)
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(作者单位:上海理工大学)