[文萃·改革开放40周年]李长安：四次创业浪潮从“难民效应”居主导到“企业家效应”成主流

    原文标题：我国四次创业浪潮的演进：从“难民效应”到“企业家效应”
    原文来源：《北京工商大学学报》（社会科学版）2018年第2期
    摘 要：文章研究了改革开放以来我国创业活动的发展历程及其演变规律，揭示了历次创业浪潮形成的经过、产生的经济背景及其发展状况。在统计分析历年新增私营企业增长变化的基础上，认为迄今为止我国一共出现了四次创业浪潮。基于引发创业活动的“难民效应”与“企业家效应”理论，研究发现，前三次创业浪潮形成过程中，“难民效应”发挥着主导作用，主要表现为创业者是以劳动力市场的困难者、失败者为主，普遍素质较低，创业行为大多属于被动型创业和生存型创业。第四次创业浪潮则呈现出由“难民效应”向“企业家效应”转变的趋势，创业者群体更加多样化，素质明显提高，机会型创业逐渐成为创业行为的主流。为了将第四次创业浪潮推向深入，必须正确处理好政府与市场的关系，不断提高创业扶持政策的实施效果和精准性，将提高创业质量作为推动“双创”活动的重要环节，继续强化创业创新的有效对接，加强培训提高创业层次，努力改善创业环境，以推动创业浪潮持续发展。
    关键词：创业浪潮 难民效应 企业家效应 创业质量 创业环境 企业存活率
    Evolution of Four Waves of Entrepreneurship in China: From“Refugee Effect”to“Entrepreneur Effect”
    LI Chang’an
    (School of Public Administration, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China)
    Abstract：This paper studies the development and evolution of entrepreneurial activity in China since the reform and opening up to the world, which reveals the waves of entrepreneurship in their formation process, economic background and development. Based on the statistical analysis of the growth in the newly-emerging private enterprises, it concludes that there have been four waves of entrepreneurship in China so far. Based on the theory of “refugee effect” and the theory of “entrepreneurial effect” which create entrepreneurial activities, this paper finds that in the previous three waves of entrepreneurship, “refugee effect” has played a leading role, with the entrepreneurs mainly the losers in labor market who are generally low in their quality and whose entrepreneurial behaviors are mostly passive type and survival type. But in the 4th wave, it reveals a trend from “refugee effect” to “entrepreneurial effect” in an evolutionary process of entrepreneurial activity, with diversified entrepreneur groups and obviously high quality. Opportunity type entrepreneurship has gradually become a main entrepreneurial activity. In order to promote the 4th wave of entrepreneurship in depth, it is necessary to deal well with the relationship between government and market, continuously improve the efficiency and accuracy of entrepreneurship support policy, pay attention to improve the quality of entrepreneurship as the important link to implement “mass entrepreneurship and innovation”, strengthen the effective combination of entrepreneurship and innovation, enhance the level of entrepreneurship by training, and make efforts to improve the business environment to push forward the development of entrepreneurial wave.
    Key Words：entrepreneurial wave; refugee effect; entrepreneur effect; entrepreneurial quality; entrepreneurial environment; enterprise survival rate
    基金项目：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国经济下行阶段就业结构调整与防范失业战略研究”(16ZDA026)；教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“人力资本对创业活动的影响研究”(14YJA790020)。
    作者及简介：李长安(1969—)，男，江西南丰人，对外经济贸易大学公共管理学院教授，博士生导师，博士，研究方向为劳动经济学、教育经济学。
    期刊责编：王 轶
    

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页